E. Camon, M. Magrane, D. Barrell, V. Lee, E. Dimmer et al., The Gene Ontology Annotation (GOA) Database: sharing knowledge in Uniprot with Gene Ontology, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.32, issue.90001, pp.262-266, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkh021

S. Boyce and C. Pahl, The development of subject domain ontologies for educational technology systems, Journal of Educational Technology and Society (ETS) IEEE Journal of Educational Technology and Society (ETS) IEEE, vol.10, issue.103, pp.275-288, 2007.

E. Holohan, M. Melia, D. Mcmullen, and C. Pahl, Adaptive e-Learning Content Generation Based on Semantic Web Technology, Workshop on Applications of Semantic Web Technologies for e-Learning, AIED'05, 2005.

M. S. Fox and M. Barbuceanu, An Organisation Ontology for Enterprise Modeling Simulating Organizations: Computational Models of Institutions and Groups, pp.131-152, 1998.

M. Uschold and M. Grninger, Ontologies: principles, methods and applications, The Knowledge Engineering Review, vol.11, issue.02, pp.93-106, 1996.
DOI : 10.1017/S0269888900007797

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.111.5903

R. Navigli and P. Velardi, From Glossaries to Ontologies: Extracting Semantic Structure from Textual Definitions, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, vol.167, pp.71-89, 2008.

F. Furst, M. Leclre, and F. Trichet, Construction d'une ontology oprationnelle : un retour d'exprience, of Extraction des Connaissances et Apprentissage, pp.227-232, 2002.

T. Gruber, Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, special issue on Formal Ontology in Conceptual Analysis and Knowledge Representation, 1993.

A. Maedche, S. Staab, S. Staab, and R. Studer, Ontology Learning, Hrsg.): Handbook on Ontologies. Springer, International Handbooks on Information Systems, pp.173-190, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-24750-0_9

B. Harold, Design Rationale of RuleML: A Markup Language for Semantic Web Rules, Proceeding of SWWS'01, pp.381-401, 2001.

G. Miller, WordNet: a lexical database for English, Communications of the ACM, vol.38, issue.11, pp.39-41, 1995.
DOI : 10.1145/219717.219748

Z. Dong and Q. Dong, Hownet and the Computation of Meaning, World Scientific, 2006.
DOI : 10.1142/5935

B. Chandrasekaran, J. R. Josephson, and V. R. Benjamins, Ontology of tasks and methods, Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition Modeling and Management, pp.20-26, 1998.

W. Wang, M. Payam, and A. B. Barnaghi, Search with meanings : An overview of semantic search systems, Journal of Communications of SIWN, vol.3, pp.76-82, 2008.

K. S. Esmaili and H. Abolhassani, A Categorization Scheme for Semantic Web Search Engines, IEEE International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications, 2006., pp.171-178, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/AICCSA.2006.205086

Y. Zhang, W. Vasconcelos, and D. Sleeman, OntoSearch: An Ontology Search Engine, Proceedings of the 24th SGAI International Conference on Innovative , Techniques and Applications of Artifial Intelligence, pp.81-93, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/1-84628-102-4_5

T. W. Finin, L. Ding, R. Pan, A. Joshi, P. Kolari et al., Swoogle : Searching for knowledge on the semantic web, pp.1682-1683, 2005.

C. Patel, K. Supekar, Y. Lee, and E. K. Park, OntoKhoj, Proceedings of the fifth ACM international workshop on Web information and data management , WIDM '03, pp.3-58, 2003.
DOI : 10.1145/956699.956712

U. Shah, T. Finin, A. Joshi, R. S. Cost, and J. Mayfield, Information retrieval on the semantic web, Proceedings of the eleventh international conference on Information and knowledge management , CIKM '02, pp.461-468, 2002.
DOI : 10.1145/584792.584868

J. Davies, R. Weeks, and . Krohn, QuizRDF: Search Technology for the Semantic Web, WWW2002 Workshop on RDF and Semantic Web Applications , Hawaii, pp.133-143, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/0470858060.ch8

T. Priebe, INWISS -Integrative Enterprise Knowledge Portal., Demonstration at the 3rd International Semantic Web Conference, pp.33-36, 2004.
DOI : 10.1145/956863.956906

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.475.108

O. Corby, R. Dieng-kuntz, and C. Faron-zucker, Querying the semantic web with corese search engine, ECAI, pp.705-709, 2004.

J. Heflin and J. Hendler, Searching the web with shoe, AAAI-2000 Workshop on AI for Web Search, pp.35-40, 2000.

D. Bonino, F. Corno, and L. Farinetti, DOSE: a distributed open semantic elaboration platform, Proceedings. 15th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, pp.580-588, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/TAI.2003.1250244

P. Spyns, D. Oberle, R. Volz, J. Zheng, M. Jarrar et al., OntoWeb - A Semantic Web Community Portal, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management (PAKM02), LNAI 2569, pp.189-200, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-36277-0_18

V. Tamma, I. Blacoe, B. Lithgow-smith, and M. Wooldridge, SERSE: Searching for Semantic Web Content, Proceedings of the Sixteenth European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-04), pp.63-67, 2004.

C. Rocha, D. Schwabe, and M. P. De-aragao, A hybrid approach for searching in the semantic web, Proceedings of the 13th conference on World Wide Web , WWW '04, pp.374-383, 2004.
DOI : 10.1145/988672.988723

C. Halaschek-wiener, B. Aleman-meza, I. B. Arpinar, and A. P. Sheth, Discovering and Ranking Semantic Associations over a Large RDF Metabase, 30th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, pp.1317-1320, 2004.

A. Maedche and S. Staab, Ontology Learning for the Semantic Web, IEEE Intelligent Systems, Special Issue on the Semantic Web, vol.6, issue.2, pp.72-79, 2001.

J. Jannink, Thesaurus Entry Extraction from an On-line Dictionary, Proceedings of Fusion '99, 1999.

H. Suryanto and P. Compton, Discovery of ontologies from knowledge bases, Proceedings of the international conference on Knowledge capture , K-CAP 2001, pp.171-178, 2001.
DOI : 10.1145/500737.500764

C. Papatheodrou, A. Vassiliou, and B. Simon, Discovery of Ontologies for Learning Resources Using Word-based Clustering, 2002.

D. L. Rubin, M. Hewett, D. E. Oliver, T. E. Klein, and R. B. Altman, Automatic data acquisition into ontologies from pharmacogenetics relational data sources using declarative object definitions and XML, Proceedings of the Pacific Symposium on Biology, pp.88-99, 2002.

E. Agirre, O. Ansa, E. Hovy, and D. Martinez, Enriching very large ontologies using the WWW, Proceedings of ECAI Workshop on Ontology Learning (ECAI-00), 2000.

E. Alfonseca and S. Manandhar, An unsupervised method for general named entity recognition and automated concept discovery, Proc. First International conference on genaral WordNet, 2002.

N. Ben-mustapha, H. Baazaoui-zghal, A. Marie-aude, and H. Ben-ghzala, Survey on ontology learning from web and open issues, Third International Symposium on Innovation in Information and Communication Technology (ISI- ICT' 2009), 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00831675

M. A. Hearst, Automated Discovery of WordNet Relations Wordnet An Electronic Lexical Database, pp.132-152, 1998.

N. Aussenac-gilles and M. Jacques, Designing and Evaluating Patterns for Ontology Enrichment from Texts. in proceeding of EKAW, pp.158-165, 2006.

B. Bachimont, Engagement smantique et engagement ontologiqueconception et ralisation d'ontologies en Ingnierie des connaissances. Ingnierie des connaissances: volutions rcentes et nouveaux dfis, 2000.

A. Faatz and R. Steinmetz, Ontology enrichment with texts from the WWW, Semantic Web Mining 2nd Workshop at ECML/PKDD-2002, 2002.

U. Hahn and K. Mark, Joint knowledge capture for grammars and ontologies, Proceedings of the international conference on Knowledge capture , K-CAP 2001, pp.68-75, 2001.
DOI : 10.1145/500737.500751

C. Hwang, Incompletely and imprecisely speaking: using dynamic ontologies for representing and retrieving information, Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Knowledge Representation meets Databases (KRDB'99, pp.14-20, 1999.

J. Kietz, A. Maedche, and R. Volz, A Method for Semi-Automatic Ontology Acquisition from a Corporate Intranet, EKAW'00 Workshop on Ontologies and Texts. Juan-Les-Pins, France. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2000.

D. I. Moldovan and R. Et-girju, Domain-Specic Knowledge Acquisition and Classification using WordNet, Proceeding of FLAIRS 2000 Conference, pp.224-228, 2000.

L. Karoui, M. Aufaure, and N. Bennacer, Contextual Concept Discovery Algorithm , FLAIRS-20, the 20th International FLAIRS Conference, in cooperation with the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, special track on Context in AI tools and Applications, pp.460-465, 2007.

P. Resnik, Using information content to evaluate semantic similarity in a taxonomy, IJCAI, pp.448-453, 1995.

R. Sekiuchi, C. Aoki, M. Kurematsu, Y. , and T. , DODDLE: A domain ontology rapid development environment, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp.194-204, 1531.
DOI : 10.1007/BFb0095269

L. Karoui, M. Aufaure, and N. Bennacer, Context-based Hierarchical Clustering for the Ontology Learning, 2006 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI 2006 Main Conference Proceedings)(WI'06), pp.18-22, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/WI.2006.55

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00259889

N. Stojanovic, L. Stojanovic, and R. Volz, A Reverse Engineering Approach for Migrating Data-Intensive Web Sites to the Semantic Web, 17th World Computer Congress, pp.141-154, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/978-0-387-35602-0_13

Y. A. Tijerino, D. W. Embley, D. W. Lonsdale, Y. Ding, and G. Nagy, Towards Ontology Generation from Tables, World Wide Web, vol.7, issue.1, pp.261-285, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s11280-005-0360-8

D. Manzano-macho, A. Gomez-prez, and D. Borrajo, Unsupervised and Domain Independent Ontology Learning: Combining Heterogeneous Sources of Evidence, Proceedings of the Sixth International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'08), pp.28-30, 2008.

H. Allani, Position paper, Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web , WWW '06, pp.491-495, 2006.
DOI : 10.1145/1135777.1135849

K. Nakayama, T. Hara, and S. Nishio, A Thesaurus Construction Method from Large ScaleWeb Dictionaries, 21st International Conference on Advanced Networking and Applications (AINA '07), pp.932-939, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/AINA.2007.23

B. Christopher, Ontology Learning from Text: Methods, Evaluation and Applications Paul Buitelaar, Philipp Cimiano, and Bernado Magnini (editors) (DFKI Saarbrcken, University of Karlsruhe, and ITC-irst), Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications, 2005.

D. Lin and . Montreal, Automatic retrieval and clustering of similar words, Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Computational linguistics, pp.768-774, 1998.

J. Vronis, HyperLex: lexical cartography for information retrieval, Computer Speech & Language, vol.18, issue.3, pp.223-252, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.csl.2004.05.002

R. Navigli and P. Velardi, Learning Domain Ontologies from Document Warehouses and Dedicated Web Sites, Computational Linguistics, vol.30, issue.2, pp.151-79, 2004.
DOI : 10.1145/219717.219752

Z. S. Harris, Mathematical Structures of Language, 1968.

S. E. Robertson and K. S. Jones, Relevance weighting of search terms, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, vol.30, issue.3, pp.129-146, 1976.
DOI : 10.1002/asi.4630270302

A. Brini, M. Boughanem, and D. Dubois, A Model for Information Retrieval Based on Possibilistic Networks, SPIRE 2005, p.271282, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/11575832_31

P. Velardi, P. Fabriani, and M. Missikoff, Using text processing techniques to automatically enrich a domain ontology, Proceedings of the international conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems , FOIS '01, pp.270-284, 2002.
DOI : 10.1145/505168.505194

L. Lebart, A. Salem, and L. Berry, Exploring Textual Data, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-017-1525-6

C. Lin and E. H. Hovy, The automated acquisition of topic signatures for text summarization, Proceedings of the 18th conference on Computational linguistics -, p.495501, 2000.
DOI : 10.3115/990820.990892

M. Sanderson and W. B. Croft, Deriving concept hierarchies from text, Proceedings of the 22nd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval , SIGIR '99, pp.206-213, 1999.
DOI : 10.1145/312624.312679

D. Faure and C. Et-nedellec, A corpus-based conceptual clustering method for verb frames and ontology acquisition, LREC workshop on adapting lexical and corpus resources to sublanguages and applications, 1998.

D. Sanchez, Domain Ontology Learning from the Web, The Knowledge Engineering Review, vol.24, issue.04, p.413, 2009.
DOI : 10.1017/S0269888909990300

J. Ferreira, A local maxima method and a fair dispersion normalization for extracting multi-word units from corpora, World Trade, p.369381, 1999.

P. D. Turney, Mining the Web for Synonyms: PMI-IR versus LSA on TOEFL, Proceedings of the Twelfth European Conference on Machine Learning Freiburg, pp.491-499, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-44795-4_42

D. Downey, M. Broadhead, and O. Etzioni, Locating complex named entities in Web text, Proceedings of the 20th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp.2733-2739, 2007.

B. Lemaire and G. Denhire, Effects of High-Order Co-occurrences on Word Semantic Similarities, Current Psychology Letters -Behaviour, Brain and Cognition, vol.18, issue.1, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00268749

G. Geleijnse and J. H. Korst, Automatic ontology population by googling, Proceedings of the Seventeenth Belgium-Netherlands Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp.120-126, 2005.

P. Cimiano, Ontology learning and population from text -algorithms, evaluation and applications, 2006.

O. Etzioni, M. Cafarella, D. Downey, S. Kok, A. Popescu et al., Web Scale Information Extraction in KnowItAll (Preliminary Results), Proceedings of the 13th International WWW Conference, pp.100-111, 2004.

N. Kuchmann-beauger and M. Aufaure, A Natural Language Interface for Data Warehouse Question Answering, 16th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems (NLDB 2011), pp.201-208, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-22327-3_21

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00704276

T. Berners-lee, J. Hendler, and O. Lassila, The Semantic Web, Scientific American, vol.284, issue.5, pp.34-43, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/scientificamerican0501-34

D. Sell, D. Da-silva, F. D. Beppler, M. Napoli, F. B. Ghisi et al., SBI, Proceedings of the first international workshop on Ontology-supported business intelligence, OBI '08, p.111, 2008.
DOI : 10.1145/1452567.1452578

O. Etzioni, M. Cafarella, D. Downey, S. Kok, A. Popescu et al., Web Scale Information Extraction in KnowItAll (Preliminary Results), Proceedings of the 13th International WWW Conference, pp.100-111, 2004.

L. Nixon, M. Mochol, M. Jarrar, S. Dasiopoulou, V. Papastathis et al., The Knowledge Web Network of Excellence (NoE) IST-2004-507482, Prototypical Business Use Cases. Deliverable D1.1.2 (WP1.1), 2005.