K. Barto?, MuMIn: multi-model inference, 2018.

D. Bates, M. Maechler, B. Bolker, and S. Walker, Fitting linear mixed-effects 391 models using lme4, J. Stat. Software, vol.67, pp.1-48, 2015.

L. Becks and A. F. Agrawal, Higher rates of sex evolve in spatially heterogeneous 393 environments, Nature, vol.468, pp.89-93, 2010.

, The evolution of sex is favoured during adaptation to new environments, 2012.

, PLoS Biology, vol.5, p.1001317

M. J. Carmona, N. Dimas-flores, E. M. García-roger, and M. Serra, Selection 397 for low investment in sex in a cyclically parthenogenetic rotifer, J. Evol. Biol, vol.398, pp.1975-1983, 2009.

M. J. Carmona, N. Dimas-flores, J. Montero-pau, and M. Serra, Effect of 400 experimental methodology on estimation of density at sex initiation in cyclically 401 parthenogenetic rotifers, Hydrobiologia, vol.662, pp.131-139, 2011.

M. J. Carmona, M. Serra, and M. R. Miracle, Relationships between mixis in 403, 1993.

, Brachionus plicatilis and preconditioning of culture medium by crowding. Hydrobi-404 ologia 255, vol.256, pp.145-152

, Effect of population density and genotype on life-history traits in the 406, 1994.

O. F. Rotifer-brachionus-plicatilis, . J. Müller, and . Exp, Mar. Biol. Ecol, vol.182, pp.223-235

N. Colegrave, Sex releases the speed limit on evolution, Nature, vol.420, pp.664-666, 2002.

E. Decaestacker, L. D. Meester, and J. Mergeay, , p.409, 2009.

, Daphnia: sexual versus asexual reproduction, p.410

, Lost sex, the evolutionary biology of parthenogenesis, p.411

D. Verlag,

S. Ellner and R. G. Hairston, Role of overlapping generations in maintaining 413 genetic variation in a fluctuating environment, Am. Nat, vol.143, pp.403-417, 1994.

L. Franch-gras, E. García-roger, M. Serra, and M. J. Carmona, Adaptation in 415 response to environmental unpredictability, Proc. Roy. Soc. (Lond.) B, vol.284, 2017.

G. F. Fussmann, G. Kramer, and M. Labib, Incomplete induction of mixis in 417, 2007.

, Brachionus calyciflorus: patterns of reproduction at the individual level, Hydrobi-418 ologia, vol.593, pp.111-119

C. Gabaldon and M. J. Carmona, Allocation patterns in modes of reproduction 420 in two facultatively sexual cryptic rotifer species, J. Plankton Res, vol.37, pp.429-440, 2015.

C. Gabaldon, J. Montero-pau, M. Serra, and M. J. Carmona, Morphological 422 similarity and ecological overlap in two rotifer species, PLoS One, vol.8, p.57087, 2013.

N. Gerber, H. Kokko, D. Ebert, and I. Booksmythe, Daphnia invest in sex-424 ual reproduction when its relative costs are reduced, Proc. Roy. Soc, vol.285, 2018.

J. J. Gilbert, Endogenous regulation of environmentally induced sexuality in a 427 rotifer: a multigenerational parental effect induced by fertilization, Freshwater Biol, vol.428, pp.1633-1641, 2002.

, Environmental and endogenous control of sexuality in a rotifer life cycle: 430 developmental and population biology, Evol. Dev, vol.5, pp.19-24, 2003.

, Non-genetic polymorphisms in rotifers: environmental and endogenous 432 controls, development, and features for predictable or unpredictable environments, 2017.

, Biol. Rev, vol.92, pp.964-992

M. R. Goddard, H. C. Godfray, and A. Burt, Sex increases the efficacy of 435 natural selection in experimental yeast populations, Nature, vol.434, pp.636-640, 2005.

A. Gómez and G. R. Carvalho, Sex, parthenogenesis and genetic structure of 437 rotifers: microsatellite analysis of contemporary and resting egg bank populations, 2000.

, Mol. Ecol, vol.9, pp.203-214

R. R. Guillard, Culture of phytoplankton for feeding marine invertebrates, 1975.

, Culture of marine invertebrate 441 animals, pp.29-60

A. Hagiwara, Y. Kadota, and A. Hino, Maternal effect by stem females in Bra-443 chionus plicatilis: effect of starvation on mixis induction in offspring, Hydrobiologia, vol.444, pp.275-279, 2005.

P. D. Hebert, Genotypic characteristics of cyclic parthenogens and their 446 obligately asexual derivatives, pp.175-195, 1987.

A. Hino and R. Hirano, Ecological studies on the mechanism of bisexual repro-449 duction in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis II -Effect of cumulative parthenogenetic, vol.450, p.20, 1977.

, Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish, vol.451, pp.1147-1155

O. Kaltz and G. Bell, The ecology and genetics of fitness in Chlamydomonas, 2002.

. Xii, Repeated sexual episodes increase rates of adaptation to novel environments, 454 Evolution, vol.56, pp.1743-1753

S. Kamizono, E. O. Ogello, Y. Sakakura, and A. Hagiwara, Effect of starvation 456 and accumulation of generations on mixis induction in offspring of the monogonont 457, 2017.

, rotifer Brachionus manjavacas hatched from resting eggs, Hydrobiologia, vol.796, pp.93-97

U. Koch, E. Elert, and D. Straile, Food quality triggers the reproductive 459 mode in the cyclical parthenogen Daphnia (Cladocera), Oecologia, vol.159, pp.317-324, 2009.

J. Lachapelle and G. Bell, Evolutionary rescue of sexual and asexual populations 461 in a deteriorating environment, Evolution, vol.66, pp.3508-3518, 2012.

E. Lubzens, Y. Wax, G. Minkoff, and F. Adler, A model evaluating the con-463 tribution of environmental factors to the production of resting eggs in the rotifer 464, 1993.

, Brachionus plicatilis, Hydrobiologia, vol.255, pp.127-138

E. Lubzens, O. Zmora, and Y. Barr, Biotechnology and aquaculture of rotifers, 2001.

, Hydrobiologia, vol.446, pp.337-353

P. Luijckx, E. K. Ho, M. Gasim, S. Chen, A. Stanic et al., , p.468

A. F. , Higher rates of sex evolve during adaptation to more complex 469 environments, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.114, pp.534-539, 2017.

C. Martínez-ruiz and E. M. García-roger, Being first increases the probability 471 of long diapause in rotifer resting eggs, Hydrobiologia, vol.745, pp.111-121, 2015.

M. J. Mcdonald, D. P. Rice, and M. M. Desai, Sex speeds adaptation by altering 473 the dynamics of molecular evolution, Nature, vol.531, pp.233-236, 2016.

J. Montero-pau, E. Ramos-rodríguez, M. Serra, and A. Gómez, Long-term 475 coexistence of rotifer cryptic species, PLoS One, vol.6, p.21530, 2011.

. R-core-team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Comput-477 ing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2017.

C. Rougier and R. Pourriot, Aging and control of the reproduction in Brachionus 480 calyciflorus (Pallas) (Rotatoria), Exp. Geront, vol.12, pp.137-151, 1977.

A. C. Roulin, J. Routtu, M. D. Hall, T. Janicke, I. Colson et al., Local adaptation of sex induction in a facultative sexual crustacean: insights 483 from QTL mapping and natural populations of Daphnia magna, Mol. Ecol, vol.482, p.3567, 2013.

T. Schröder and J. J. Gilbert, Transgenerational plasticity for sexual reproduc-486 tion and diapause in the life cycle of monogonont rotifers: intraclonal, intraspecific 487 and interspecific variation in the response to crowding, Funct. Ecol, vol.18, pp.458-466, 2004.

M. Serra, T. W. Snell, and J. J. Gilbert, Delayed mixis in rotifers: an adaptive 489 response to the effects of density-dependent sex on population growth, J. Plankton 490 Res, vol.27, pp.37-45, 2005.

J. Simon, C. Rispe, and P. Sunnucks, Ecology and evolution of sex in aphids, 2002.

, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.17, pp.34-39

H. A. Smith and T. W. Snell, Rapid evolution of sex frequency and dormancy 494 as hydroperiod adaptations, J. Evol. Biol, vol.25, pp.2501-2510, 2006.

T. W. Snell, J. Kubanek, W. Carter, A. B. Payne, J. Kim et al.,

. Stelzer, A protein triggers sexual reproduction in Brachionus plicatilis, 2006.

, Biol, vol.149, pp.763-773

M. Spencer, N. Colegrave, and S. S. Schwartz, Hatching fraction and timing 499 of resting stage production in seasonal environments: effects of density dependence 500 and uncertain season length, J. Evol. Biol, vol.14, pp.357-367, 2001.

C. P. Stelzer and T. W. Snell, Induction of sexual reproduction in Brachionus 502 plicatilis (Monogononta, Rotifera) by a density-dependent chemical cue, 2003.

. Oceanogr, , vol.48, pp.939-943

, Specificity of the crowding response in the Brachionus plicatilis species 505 complex, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.51, pp.125-130, 2006.

N. Timmermeyer and C. Stelzer, Chemical induction of mixis in the rotifer 507 Synchaeta tremula, J. Plankton Res, vol.28, pp.1233-1239, 2006.

M. Turelli, D. W. Schemske, and P. Bierzychudek, Stable two-allele polymor-509 phisms maintained by fluctuating fitnesses and seed banks: protecting the blues in 510 Linanthus parryae, Evolution, vol.55, pp.1283-1298, 2001.

R. L. Wallace, T. W. Snell, C. Ricci, and T. Nogrady, Rotifera 1: Biology, 512 Ecology and Systematics, 2006.

R. R. Warner and P. L. Chesson, Coexistence mediated by recruitment fluctu-514 ations: a field guide to the storage effect, Am. Nat, vol.125, pp.769-787, 1985.

L. Zhang and K. N. Baer, The influence of feeding, photoperiod and selected 516 solvents on the reproductive strategies of the water flea, Daphnia magna, 2000.

. Pollut, , vol.110, pp.425-430